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“無(wú)關(guān)信息排除法”在GMAT中的運(yùn)用

http://360oud.cn 發(fā)表于:09-02-24 11:03:15 瀏覽: 10429 來(lái)源:
    要到美國(guó)商學(xué)院讀研究生的同學(xué)往往需要考GMAT。

  GMAT沒(méi)有GRE中的類(lèi)比反義和填空,免去了背大量生僻單詞的負(fù)擔(dān),但增加了邏輯(critical reasoning)和語(yǔ)法改錯(cuò)(sentence correction)

  其實(shí)過(guò)去的GRE也是有單項(xiàng)的邏輯題,但后來(lái)去除了,然后做為一種題型出現(xiàn)在了閱讀之中。

  邏輯題是很有意思的,每做一道題,就像玩一個(gè)game。我將之譽(yù)為“大腦的體操,思維的游戲,精神的調(diào)節(jié),智商的飄逸?!?/P>

  但真正面對(duì)考試,就不那么輕松,因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)間所限。尤其是難題,運(yùn)用嚴(yán)格的邏輯思維來(lái)做,往往耗時(shí)甚多。尤其是五個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐一論證更是不切實(shí)際。所以對(duì)于邏輯題,我們必須要培養(yǎng)一種感覺(jué),依靠這種感覺(jué)我們可以很快地將一些無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)排除掉。那這種感覺(jué)除了靠大量練習(xí)來(lái)培養(yǎng)外,更應(yīng)通過(guò)察覺(jué)選項(xiàng)中的“無(wú)關(guān)信息”,迅速做出判斷,將之排除。

  這就是所謂“無(wú)關(guān)信息排除法”--- 通過(guò)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了與原文內(nèi)容和推理無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容將之迅速排除。常常能排除五項(xiàng)中的三個(gè),再對(duì)剩下的選項(xiàng)認(rèn)真考慮,做出最后抉擇。

具體實(shí)踐兩道題

  Teenagers are often priced out of the labor market by the government-mandated minimum-wage level because employers cannot afford to pay that much for extra help. Therefore, if Congress institutes a subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has been rising since 1960, will no longer increase.

  (注釋?zhuān)簆riced out of the market:因價(jià)高而被擠出市場(chǎng))

  Which of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

  (A) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen when the minimum wage has risen.

  (B) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen even when the minimum wage remained constant.

  (C) Employers often hire extra help during holiday and warm weather seasons.

  (D) The teenage unemployment rate rose more quickly in the 1970’s than it did in the 1960’s.

  (E) The teenage unemployment rate has occasionally declined in the years since 1960.

  先看完問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)是削弱題;再讀原文,意思不難,很快提煉出其邏輯為

  如果國(guó)會(huì)制定更低的teenagers最低工資 ===》teenagers的失業(yè)率將不再上升

  顯然,正確選項(xiàng)首先要涉及最低工資和失業(yè)率之間的關(guān)系,而其他內(nèi)容則為無(wú)關(guān)信息,可以排除

  顯然A 和B都是相關(guān)的

  而C在談季節(jié)問(wèn)題,D和E沒(méi)有涉及失業(yè)率快慢的原因,都與原文邏輯無(wú)關(guān),通通排除。

所以只需要仔細(xì)審視A和B

  A: “最低工資上升的時(shí)候,失業(yè)率上升”,這與原文邏輯(更低工資將導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率不上升)形成了“反因反果”的關(guān)系,所以是加強(qiáng)。(比如:“不長(zhǎng)跑的人不長(zhǎng)壽”加強(qiáng)了“長(zhǎng)跑的人長(zhǎng)壽”)

  這樣A就被排除了

  所以答案只能是B

  B的正面論證:

  B: “最低工資不變的時(shí)候,失業(yè)率上升”說(shuō)明失業(yè)率上升可能另有他因。這個(gè)論證的說(shuō)服力不是很強(qiáng),所以該題用排除法更有效。注意:削弱只是降低推理成立的可能性,而不需要推翻原文邏輯

  “Fast cycle time” is a strategy of designing a manufacturing organization to eliminate bottlenecks and delays in production. Not only does it speed up production, but it also assures quality. The reason is that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated unless all work is done right the first time.

  The claim about quality made above rests on a questionable presupposition that

  (A) any flaw in work on a product would cause a bottleneck or delay and so would be prevented from occurring on a “fast cycle” production line

  (B) the strategy of “fast cycle time” would require fundamental rethinking of product design

  (C) the primary goal of the organization is to produce a product of unexcelled quality, rather than to generate profits for stockholders

  (D) “fast cycle time” could be achieved by shaving time off each of the component processes in production cycle

  (E) “fast cycle time” is a concept in business strategy that has not yet been put into practice in a factory

  本著“先讀問(wèn)題,再看原文”的原則,首先發(fā)現(xiàn)是假設(shè)題(標(biāo)志很明顯:rest on a questionable presupposition; 不必理會(huì)questionable這個(gè)詞)。然后又發(fā)現(xiàn)原文很繞,其中好像有兩套邏輯,比較麻煩;那就看選項(xiàng)吧,畢竟考場(chǎng)上時(shí)間有限。

我們先用無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)排除法分別審視這五個(gè)選項(xiàng):

  (A) 所涉及的概念,無(wú)論bottleneck還是delay都出自于原文,所以先行保留

  (B) 當(dāng)看到最后的“product design”后,對(duì)它不抱希望了,原文實(shí)在沒(méi)有產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方面的任何信息

  (C) 看到最后的“profits for stockholders”,禁不住笑了,這不瞎扯嗎?與原文無(wú)關(guān)啊。

  (D) 其中的component 與原文無(wú)關(guān)了,就可以排除;再者該項(xiàng)的主旨是節(jié)省時(shí)間,這又犯了答非所問(wèn)的錯(cuò)誤(問(wèn)題關(guān)心的是“quality”,而與時(shí)間無(wú)關(guān))

  (E) 其中的“put into practice又是瞎操心,立即排除。

  考慮到B,C,D,E都不可能對(duì),這樣就確定A為答案了;一道很困難的題就這樣被無(wú)關(guān)信息排除法輕松解決了

  當(dāng)然這道題還一種更便捷的做法 ---- 難題猜A,這個(gè)技巧使用起來(lái)很瀟灑,但正確率只有l(wèi)ess than 50%

  為了更好滴理解無(wú)關(guān)信息排除法的強(qiáng)大,我們來(lái)看看正面論證A正確是多么的不易

分析原文:

  1)先看后半部分 ― 原因部分(The reason is that the bottlenecks and delays cannot be eliminated unless all work is done right the first time.)

  屬于Not A, unless B的推理模式,中文意為“除非有B, 否則就沒(méi)有A”

  舉個(gè)例子: 若A = 生命,B = 空氣,那意思就為“除非有空氣,否則就沒(méi)有生命”。顯然B是A的必要條件(必要者,沒(méi)它就不行啊)。我們又知道B 是A 的必要條件,就意味著A是B的充分條件(如果有生命,那就足以說(shuō)明一定有空氣)。重溫完這一套挺耗神的充分、必要條件的關(guān)系,我們來(lái)對(duì)付這一句話(huà):

  先直譯為:

  “bottleneck 和delays不能被消除,除非所有工作第一次正確地做完”

  那就是說(shuō):任何工作沒(méi)有第一次正確做完 ===》產(chǎn)生bottleneck和delays

  這就對(duì)應(yīng)了A項(xiàng)的前半部分(any flaw in work on a product would cause a bottleneck or delay)

  2)再看前半部分 ― 結(jié)論部分(“Fast cycle time” is a strategy of designing a manufacturing organization to eliminate bottlenecks and delays in production. Not only does it speed up production, but it also assures quality.)

  其意為: 用來(lái)消除bottleneck和delays的Fast cycle time能加速生產(chǎn)和保證質(zhì)量,其中隱含了這樣的假設(shè)“通過(guò)消除bottleneck和delays, Fast cycle time能夠阻止產(chǎn)生任何差錯(cuò)”,這恰恰對(duì)應(yīng)了A項(xiàng)的后半部分(any flaw in work 。。。would be prevented from occurring on a “fast cycle” production line)

  綜合1)和2)的成果,得出原文的假設(shè)為A

  這就是對(duì)A的正面論證,實(shí)在太復(fù)雜了,在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)不具有實(shí)用性。

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