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GMAT作文之批判部分短題目

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GMAT作文包括兩部分:議論文(Issue)和批判(Argument)。兩部分平均分構(gòu)成分析寫(xiě)作(Analytical Writing Assessment,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)AWA)的總分(滿分6.0)。   

  國(guó)內(nèi)考生一般的備考重點(diǎn)為Argument,因?yàn)檫@一部分比較好掌握,了解一些基本的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型,就可以完成大部分的題目,而且越是長(zhǎng)篇題目,錯(cuò)誤的類(lèi)型越多,也就越好解題,不擔(dān)心無(wú)話可說(shuō)。但是,如果考試時(shí),碰到一個(gè)篇幅較短、錯(cuò)誤單一的Argument題目,考生就要頭疼了,往往30分鐘寫(xiě)到一半就不知道該寫(xiě)些什么了,要么寫(xiě)的都是次要的、甚至離題甚遠(yuǎn)的錯(cuò)誤。所以,學(xué)習(xí)有針對(duì)性的展開(kāi)短題目的批判就成為一項(xiàng)非常重要的應(yīng)試技巧。  

  下面這道題目是GMAT官方指南中Argument的示范題目:  

  The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:  

  “The computerized onboard warning system that will be installed in commercial airliners will virtually solve the problem of midair plane collisions. One plane’s warning system can receive signals from another’s transponder―a radio set that signals a plane’s course―in order to determine the likelihood of a collision and recommend evasive action.”

  Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.  

  這道題只有兩句話,首句為論點(diǎn),末句為論據(jù),是一篇典型的短題目。有些考生的思路是:  

  “原作者沒(méi)有提供足夠的證據(jù)表明這套新系統(tǒng)能夠有效避免撞機(jī),只是簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)明系統(tǒng)功能,不具有論證效力,除非有更多實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)證明能夠避免撞機(jī),才能使得結(jié)論合理”。  

  或者是:

  “原作者沒(méi)有告訴我們是不是所有的飛機(jī)公司都愿意安裝這套系統(tǒng),所以,如果有些公司沒(méi)有足夠的費(fèi)用購(gòu)買(mǎi)這套系統(tǒng),那么撞機(jī)也很難避免”。

  按照以上這類(lèi)思路進(jìn)行批判的話,沒(méi)能切中要害,因?yàn)椋械腁rgument題目都存在著證據(jù)缺乏(scant evidence)的錯(cuò)誤,但是籠統(tǒng)的說(shuō)缺乏證據(jù)是不夠的,需要結(jié)合題目細(xì)致的進(jìn)行分析和批判。

  針對(duì)這道題目,我們首先要找到最核心的因果關(guān)系,也就是系統(tǒng)(system)與撞機(jī)(midair plane collision)之間的關(guān)系,然后,把題目中所有的界定成份分別納入相應(yīng)集合,就可以清晰的進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的批判:

  system midair plane collision

  (1) warning

  (2) onboard

  (3) computerized

  (4) commercial airlines

  (5) signal course

  (6) determine likelihood

  (7) recommend evasive action   

  如上表,system有7個(gè)界定,這7個(gè)界定都是重要的得分點(diǎn):   

  (1)warning只是警告,如果飛行員沒(méi)注意到,還會(huì)相撞;

  (2)onboard機(jī)載設(shè)備不具備強(qiáng)制性、權(quán)威性,飛行員可以選擇是否執(zhí)行;

  (3)computerized計(jì)算機(jī)可能會(huì)失靈;

  (4)commercial airlines沒(méi)有排除與軍隊(duì)飛機(jī)或私人飛機(jī)相撞的可能性;

  (5)signal course指示出路線,不等于兩架飛機(jī)能夠選擇正確的避讓路線;

  (6)determine likelihood確定可能性,不等于降低或消除可能性;

  (7)recommend evasion action建議避讓動(dòng)作,不等于采取避讓行動(dòng),而且對(duì)方避讓動(dòng)作是否能夠配合也是問(wèn)題;

GMAT的6分范文,明確處理了其中的4個(gè)錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn):

  (1) warning只是警告,如果飛行員沒(méi)注意到,還會(huì)相撞;  

  First, …if the cause of the problem of midair plane collisions is that pilots are not paying attention to their computer systems or flight operation, the warning system will not solve the collision problem.

  (2) onboard機(jī)載設(shè)備不具備強(qiáng)制性、權(quán)威性,飛行員可以選擇是否執(zhí)行

  Second, …If the pilot or flight specialist does not conform to what the warning system suggests, midair collision will not be avoided.  

  (3) computerized計(jì)算機(jī)可能會(huì)失靈  

  The argument also does not address what would happen in the event that the warning system collapses, fails, or does not work properly.  

  (4) commercial airlines沒(méi)有排除與軍隊(duì)飛機(jī)或私人飛機(jī)相撞的可能性

  Finally, if planes other than commercial airlines are involved in the collisions, the problem of these collisions cannot be solved by a warning system that will not be installed on non-commercial airlines.  

  通過(guò)對(duì)于6分范文的分析,可以體會(huì)到GMAT出題人對(duì)于短題目的考察,偏重于題目細(xì)節(jié),希望考生能夠細(xì)致的對(duì)題目進(jìn)行分析、較全面的指出錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)。盡管這道題的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型很單一,只是因果錯(cuò)誤,但是,如果不能夠深入到細(xì)節(jié)的話,并找到過(guò)半的錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn),分?jǐn)?shù)很難得到大幅提高。

  相應(yīng)的GMAT官方指南上給出了4分的范文,這篇文章之所以分?jǐn)?shù)較低,是因?yàn)橹徽业搅宋覀冎瓣愂龅牡?5)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,全篇文章都是針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤展開(kāi),所以,分?jǐn)?shù)相應(yīng)較低。4分范文主體段落如下,供大家體會(huì):

  (5)signal course指示出路線,不等于兩架飛機(jī)能夠選擇正確的避讓路線  

  The main flaw in the argument is that it assumes that the two planes, upon receiving each other’s signals, will know which evasive action to take. For example, the two planes could be going towards each other and then receive the signals. If one turns at an angle to the left and the other turns at an angle to the right, the two planes will still crash. Even if they receive an updated signal, they will not have time to avoid each other.

  綜上,對(duì)于短題目的分析,考生一定要關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié),而不是一味地尋找更多的錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型。針對(duì)一種類(lèi)型的錯(cuò)誤,要盡可能考慮到題目中列出的多數(shù)“陷阱”,這樣就可以更好地向高分沖刺了。

 

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